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Monday, November 17, 2008

Heat Exchanger Type

TEMA-style shell-and-tube-type exchangers constitute the bulk of the unfired heat-transfer equipment in chemical-process plants, although increasing emphasis has been developing in other designs. These exchangers are illustrated in Fig. below, and their features are summarized in list.




TEMA Numbering and Type Designation Recommended practice for the designation of TEMA-style shell-and-tube heat exchanger by numbers and letters has been established by the Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association (TEMA). This information from the sixth edition of the TEMA Standards is reproduced in the following paragraphs.

It is recommended that heat-exchanger size and type be designated by numbers and letters.
  1. Size: Sizes of shells (and tube bundles) shall be designated by numbers describing shell (and tube-bundle) diameters and tube lengths as follows:
  2. Diameter: The nominal diameter shall be the inside diameter of the shell in inches, rounded off to the nearest integer. For kettle reboilers the nominal diameter shall be the port diameter followed by the shell diameter, each rounded off to the nearest integer.
  3. Length: The nominal length shall be the tube length in inches. Tube length for straight tubes shall be taken as the actual overall length. For U tubes the length shall be taken as the straight length from end of tube to bend tangent.
  4. Type: Type designation shall be by letters describing stationary head, shell (omitted for bundles only), and rear head, in that order, as indicated in Figure.

Typical Examples

(A) Split-ring floating-heat exchanger with removable channel and cover, single-pass shell, 591-mm (23d-in) inside diameter with tubes 4.9 m (16 ft) long. SIZE 23–192 TYPE AES.

(B) U-tube exchanger with bonnet-type stationary head, split-flow shell, 483-mm (19-in) inside diameter with tubes 21-m (7-ft) straight length. SIZE 19–84 TYPE GBU.

(C) Pull-through floating-heat-kettle-type reboiler having stationary head integral with tube sheet, 584-mm (23-in) port diameter and 940-mm (37-in) inside shell diameter with tubes 4.9-m (16-ft) long. SIZE 23/37–192 TYPE CKT.

(D) Fixed-tube sheet exchanger with removable channel and cover, bonnettype rear head, two-pass shell, 841-mm (33s-in) diameter with tubes 2.4 m (8-ft) long. SIZE 33–96 TYPE AFM.

(E) Fixed-tube sheet exchanger having stationary and rear heads integral with tube sheets, single-pass shell, 432-mm (17-in) inside diameter with tubes 4.9-m (16-ft) long. SIZE 17–192 TYPE CEN. Functional Definitions Heat-transfer equipment can be designated by type (e.g., fixed tube sheet, outside packed head, etc.) or by function (chiller, condenser, cooler, etc.). Almost any type of unit can be used to perform any or all of the listed functions. Many of these terms have been defined by Donahue [Pet. Process., 103 (March, 1956)].

Equipment Function:
Chiller: Cools a fluid to a temperature below that obtainable if water only were used as a coolant. It uses a refrigerant such as ammonia or Freon.
Condenser: Condenses a vapor or mixture of vapors, either alone or in the presence of a noncondensable gas. Partial condenser Condenses vapors at a point high enough to provide a temperature difference sufficient to preheat a cold stream of process fluid. This saves heat and eliminates the need for providing a separate preheated (using flame or steam). Final condenser condenses the vapors to a final storage temperature of approximately 37.8°C (100°F). It uses water cooling, which means that the transferred heat is lost to the process.

Cooler: Cools liquids or gases by means of water. Exchanger Performs a double function: (1) heats a cold fluid by (2) using a hot fluid which it cools. None of the transferred heat is lost.

Heater: Imparts sensible heat to a liquid or a gas by means of condensing steam or Dowtherm.
Reboiler: Connected to the bottom of a fractionating tower, it provides the reboil heat necessary for distillation. The heating medium may be either steam or a hot-process fluid.

Thermosiphon: Natural circulation of the boiling medium is reboiler obtained by maintaining sufficient liquid head to provide for circulation. Forced-circulation A pump is used to force liquid through the reboiler.

Steam generator: Generates steam for use elsewhere in the plant by using the available high-level heat in tar or a heavy oil.

Superheater: Heats a vapor above the saturation temperature.
Vaporizer: A heater which vaporizes part of the liquid. Waste-heat boiler Produces steam; similar to steam generator, except that the heating medium is a hot gas or liquid produced in a chemical reaction.